Primary Sources
"AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT OF 1990, AS AMENDED." AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT OF 1990, AS AMENDED. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2013. <www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.pdf>
This piece of legislation provides additional equal rights for those with disabilities, including mental disabilities, which shows the advancements made in modern mental reform.
"Canton Asylum." Canton Asylum RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This source provided direct photographs of the Canton Asylum from Elizabeth Packard's book Modern Persecution, or Asylums Revealed.
"Elizabeth Packard - Bill to Protect Women." - Awesome Stories. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This photograph was a direct depiction of the court cases in which the legislature approves Elizabeth Packard's bills.
hospitals, zantine. "Elizabeth Ware Packard (1816-97)." Science Museum, London. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2012.
This source was an informative summary of Packard’s experience of being falsely accused of mental instability, which led to the publication of her memoir, which led to the Packard Laws-fighting for the rights of falsely accused mentally insane.
Let Us All Speak Our Minds. Elizabeth Knight. 1 Jan. 1958. Radio.
This cover of a suffragist song from the 1800s showed the beginnings of the women's movement and their break from their status under their husbands.
"Mental News and Impact." Oregon Live. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
The photograph provides evidence of the cruel contitions in which mental asylums were kept, showing patients wrapped in sheets laying in cold water.
Marital Power ExempliJied in Mrs. Packard's Trial and self-defense from the charge of insanity, or, Three years imprisonment for religious belief, by the arbitrary will of a husband, with an appeal to the government to so
change the laws as to afford legal protection to married women. Hartford, Conn.: Case, Lockwood & Co., 1866.
This source described Elizabeth’s conflicts with her husband, and how when tried, wives in this time period could face prison time or time spent in an insane asylum solely based on the fact that they disagreed with their husbands’ views. This is what Packard meant to change through her activity in women’s reform.
"Mrs. Packard's Work." Chicago Daily Tribune 22 July 1893: 14. Print.
This newspaper article gave information on how Packard's legislature affected women and asylum patients compared to other reformers at the time.
"One Woman's Life Work: Mrs. Packard's Long Labors for Relief of the Insane."
Chicago Daily Tribune 1 Aug. 1897: 41. Print.
This newspaper article was a great primary source in that it provided information about the legislative works of Elizabeth Packard and was written commemorating her successes during the time period.
Packard, Elizabeth Parsons Ware.Great Disclosure of Spiritual Wickedness!! in high places. With an appeal to the government to protect the inalienable rights of married women. Written under the inspection of Dr. M'Farland, Superintendent of Insane Asylum, Jacksonville, Illinois, 4th ed. Boston: Published by the authoress, 1865.
This source was one of the rallying points in Elizabeth Packard’s reform movement. Women were not seen as equal to men, but here was an example of verbal support for women in the 19th century.
"Photograph of Elizabeth Packard | Frontier to Heartland: Four Centuries in Central North America." Newberry Library Publications. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. http://publications.newberry.org/frontiertoheartland
These photographs and short summary on Elizabeth Packard provides a view of the tortured woman who was Mrs. Packard. We were able to see her unhappy appearance as well as the apparel she had to wear as a preacher’s wife and an asylum patient.
"Steam Cabinet Archives." Missouri Government. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This picture is directly from the 19th century, providing evidence of the torturous exercises mental patients had to endure.
The Mystic Key; or, The Asylum Secret Unlocked.Hartford, Conn.: Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co., 1886.
This source was an example of the conditions of insane asylums and how it affected the patients. This source was revealing to many and shed light on the corrupt ways in which mental hospitals operated.
"The President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health ." The President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health . N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <www.store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//SMA03-3831/SMA03-3831.pdf>.
This document about the Commission on Mental Health was evidence of how mental health rights have greatly improved in the twenty-first century and how the government has an active role in helping the mentally ill.
.The prisoners' hidden life, or Insane asylums unveiled: as demonstrated by the Report of the Investigating Committee of the Legislature of Illinois, together with Mrs. Packard's coadjustors'testimony.Chicago: The Author; A. B. Case, Printer, 1868.
This source led to the testimony Elizabeth Packard stated, which described the horrible conditions of the mental asylums and patients which she saw firsthand.
"Thomas Lincoln." Thomas Lincoln. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This source provides a photograph of Thomas Lincoln while he was young, both before his father was assassinated and
before his mother was committed to an asylum. It helps show the features that changed as he grew up in the Lincoln household.
"Whitchurch Mental Hospital." Whitchurch. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This photograph provides a picture of a typical mental asylum.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Baker, Jean H.. Mary Todd Lincoln: a biography. New York: Norton, 1987. Print.
This book gives information on Mary Todd Lincoln’s family life and the tragedies that occurred which may have caused her to become insane.
Bucknill, John Charles. Notes on asylums for the insane in America. New York: Arno Press, 1973. Print.
This source was helpful because it gave inside looks to the conditions of mental asylums across the United States. When investigated, the hospitals mistreated most patients in the early days of mental research.
Clinton, Catherine. Mrs. Lincoln: a life. New York: Harper, 2009. Print.
Mrs. Lincoln: A Life is a useful source because it juxtaposes the president’s wife before and after the murder of her beloved husband. This makes it easier to see the contrasts between her mental states before and after she became insane caused by Lincoln’s death.
Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn. "Packard v. Packard. 1864." Great American Trials. 2002. Encyclopedia.com.22 Jan. 2013 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
This site was helpful because it gave information on Packard’s reverend husband Theophilus’s case against her. His reasoning is
described including his personality, morals, as well as his feelings towards Elizabeth.
Emerson, Jason. Mary Lincoln's insanity case: a documentary history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012. Print.
This source provided inside looks at Mary’s case, giving descriptive accounts of each part of the trial. It gave us useful information on the various climaxes and results of her sentence.
Emerson, Jason. The madness of Mary Lincoln. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2007. Print.
This source provides information on Mary Lincoln’s health and tells stories of her mental instability. The book also provides background information on her life, which is helpful to explain why/how she lost her sanity.
Langworthy, Douglas. "Untitled Document." McCarter Theatre. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013.< http://www.mccarter.org/education/mrs-packard/html/4.html>.
This source described what Elizabeth did to change rights for women who were committed to insane asylums. It talks about her work with helping to form The National Society for the Protection of the Insane and Prevention of Insanity as well as the thirty-four bills that were passed in Illinois legislature because of her.
Levy, Leo, and Louis Rowitz. The ecology of mental disorder. New York: Behavioral Publications, 1973. Print.
This source states the criteria of how patients were judged as insane or not. The mental disorders are described in more detail, throughout the different time periods as medicine and practice evolved.
"Mary Todd Lincoln's Confinement."Information, photographs, etc. related to the life, death, and family of Abraham Lincoln.. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln22.html>.
This source gave additional examples of unusual behavior Mary Todd Lincoln exhibited after the deaths of her son and three sons which added to the evidence of her mental instability.
"Mary Todd Lincoln Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Mary Todd Lincoln."Encyclopedia.com | Free Online Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Mary_Todd_Lincoln.aspx>.
This site provided further information on Mary Todd Lincoln's trial, its witnesses, the verdict, and events leading up to the event.
"Mary Todd Lincoln - Mini Biography - Mary Todd Lincoln Videos - Biography.com." Famous Biographies & TV Shows - Biography.com . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.biography.com/people/mary-todd-lincoln-248868/videos/mary-todd-lincoln-mini-biography-2204985230>.
This short video was an overview of Mary Todd Lincoln's life, helping to describe all the main events that occurred that had a large impact on her life.
"Mental Illness in the 19th Century - Carrie Hughes." Untitled Document. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This source contributed valuable information on common practices and treaments doctors preformed in the 19th century pre-mental health reform.
Morris, Grant H.. The Mentally Ill and the Right to Treatment. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1970. Print.
This book supplied us with information on not only patients of asylums, but their varied treatments. It also tells us of the multiple disorders that can be considered as mentally insane.
Neely, Mark E., and R. Gerald McMurtry. The insanity file: the case of Mary Todd Lincoln. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986. Print.
This source was helpful because it takes us through both trials of Mary Todd Lincoln in Chicago, providing direct quotes and photographs from the time. Its factual accounts of her life help prove whether she was rightfully convicted or not.
"Northern Michigan State Hospital." Mental Asylum Photograph. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG/250px-NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG>.
This photo was an example of what modern day mental institutions look like and how they differ from the poorly maintained hospitals of the past.
Norton, R.J.. "Mary Todd Lincoln's Confinement." Information, photographs, etc. related to the life, death, and family of Abraham Lincoln.. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2012. < http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln22.html>.
This source gives accounts for the witnesses who testified against Mary Todd Lincoln in her trial. All seventeen witnesses claimed that she was mentally instable.
"President`s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health." UNT Libraries: CyberCemetery Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. <http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/mentalhealthcommission/index.html>.
This site provided a summary of the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health which was an advancement in the fight for equality of the mentally insane or disabled.
"Psychiatrist and Patient." Photography of Psychiatrist and Patient. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <careers.stateuniversity.com/article_images/Psychiatrist.jpg>.
This picture shows a calm and safe environment between a psychiatrist and their patient, a sharp contrast from the physical abuse treatment of the past that occurred in institutions.
Sapinsley, Barbara. The Private War of Mrs. Packard. New York: Paragon House, 1991.
This novel parallels Packard’s home life, in which she questioned her husband’s authority, to her court battle, in which she justified her sanity.
"Snake Pit." The Interrobang RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This photograph provided a reenactment of a typical mental patient restrained by a strait jacket, while being treated by nurses in the institution.
Turner, Justin G., Linda Levitt Turner, and Mary Todd Lincoln. Mary Todd Lincoln: her life and letters. [1st ed. New York: Knopf, 1972. Print.
This book is a great source of information because it provides personal letters written by Mary Lincoln herself. We are able to see her perspective on the events involving her mental stability and trial through these.
."Unethical Psychology in Early America: Elizabeth Packard - Yahoo! Voices - voices.yahoo.com." Yahoo! Voices - voices.yahoo.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. <http://voices.yahoo.com/unethical-psychology-early-america-elizabeth-packard-8871753.html>
This source was useful because it stated the fact that most women in the early days of mental asylums were easily and falsely placed in mental asylums.
This piece of legislation provides additional equal rights for those with disabilities, including mental disabilities, which shows the advancements made in modern mental reform.
"Canton Asylum." Canton Asylum RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This source provided direct photographs of the Canton Asylum from Elizabeth Packard's book Modern Persecution, or Asylums Revealed.
"Elizabeth Packard - Bill to Protect Women." - Awesome Stories. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This photograph was a direct depiction of the court cases in which the legislature approves Elizabeth Packard's bills.
hospitals, zantine. "Elizabeth Ware Packard (1816-97)." Science Museum, London. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2012.
This source was an informative summary of Packard’s experience of being falsely accused of mental instability, which led to the publication of her memoir, which led to the Packard Laws-fighting for the rights of falsely accused mentally insane.
Let Us All Speak Our Minds. Elizabeth Knight. 1 Jan. 1958. Radio.
This cover of a suffragist song from the 1800s showed the beginnings of the women's movement and their break from their status under their husbands.
"Mental News and Impact." Oregon Live. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
The photograph provides evidence of the cruel contitions in which mental asylums were kept, showing patients wrapped in sheets laying in cold water.
Marital Power ExempliJied in Mrs. Packard's Trial and self-defense from the charge of insanity, or, Three years imprisonment for religious belief, by the arbitrary will of a husband, with an appeal to the government to so
change the laws as to afford legal protection to married women. Hartford, Conn.: Case, Lockwood & Co., 1866.
This source described Elizabeth’s conflicts with her husband, and how when tried, wives in this time period could face prison time or time spent in an insane asylum solely based on the fact that they disagreed with their husbands’ views. This is what Packard meant to change through her activity in women’s reform.
"Mrs. Packard's Work." Chicago Daily Tribune 22 July 1893: 14. Print.
This newspaper article gave information on how Packard's legislature affected women and asylum patients compared to other reformers at the time.
"One Woman's Life Work: Mrs. Packard's Long Labors for Relief of the Insane."
Chicago Daily Tribune 1 Aug. 1897: 41. Print.
This newspaper article was a great primary source in that it provided information about the legislative works of Elizabeth Packard and was written commemorating her successes during the time period.
Packard, Elizabeth Parsons Ware.Great Disclosure of Spiritual Wickedness!! in high places. With an appeal to the government to protect the inalienable rights of married women. Written under the inspection of Dr. M'Farland, Superintendent of Insane Asylum, Jacksonville, Illinois, 4th ed. Boston: Published by the authoress, 1865.
This source was one of the rallying points in Elizabeth Packard’s reform movement. Women were not seen as equal to men, but here was an example of verbal support for women in the 19th century.
"Photograph of Elizabeth Packard | Frontier to Heartland: Four Centuries in Central North America." Newberry Library Publications. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. http://publications.newberry.org/frontiertoheartland
These photographs and short summary on Elizabeth Packard provides a view of the tortured woman who was Mrs. Packard. We were able to see her unhappy appearance as well as the apparel she had to wear as a preacher’s wife and an asylum patient.
"Steam Cabinet Archives." Missouri Government. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This picture is directly from the 19th century, providing evidence of the torturous exercises mental patients had to endure.
The Mystic Key; or, The Asylum Secret Unlocked.Hartford, Conn.: Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co., 1886.
This source was an example of the conditions of insane asylums and how it affected the patients. This source was revealing to many and shed light on the corrupt ways in which mental hospitals operated.
"The President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health ." The President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health . N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <www.store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//SMA03-3831/SMA03-3831.pdf>.
This document about the Commission on Mental Health was evidence of how mental health rights have greatly improved in the twenty-first century and how the government has an active role in helping the mentally ill.
.The prisoners' hidden life, or Insane asylums unveiled: as demonstrated by the Report of the Investigating Committee of the Legislature of Illinois, together with Mrs. Packard's coadjustors'testimony.Chicago: The Author; A. B. Case, Printer, 1868.
This source led to the testimony Elizabeth Packard stated, which described the horrible conditions of the mental asylums and patients which she saw firsthand.
"Thomas Lincoln." Thomas Lincoln. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This source provides a photograph of Thomas Lincoln while he was young, both before his father was assassinated and
before his mother was committed to an asylum. It helps show the features that changed as he grew up in the Lincoln household.
"Whitchurch Mental Hospital." Whitchurch. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This photograph provides a picture of a typical mental asylum.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Baker, Jean H.. Mary Todd Lincoln: a biography. New York: Norton, 1987. Print.
This book gives information on Mary Todd Lincoln’s family life and the tragedies that occurred which may have caused her to become insane.
Bucknill, John Charles. Notes on asylums for the insane in America. New York: Arno Press, 1973. Print.
This source was helpful because it gave inside looks to the conditions of mental asylums across the United States. When investigated, the hospitals mistreated most patients in the early days of mental research.
Clinton, Catherine. Mrs. Lincoln: a life. New York: Harper, 2009. Print.
Mrs. Lincoln: A Life is a useful source because it juxtaposes the president’s wife before and after the murder of her beloved husband. This makes it easier to see the contrasts between her mental states before and after she became insane caused by Lincoln’s death.
Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn. "Packard v. Packard. 1864." Great American Trials. 2002. Encyclopedia.com.22 Jan. 2013 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
This site was helpful because it gave information on Packard’s reverend husband Theophilus’s case against her. His reasoning is
described including his personality, morals, as well as his feelings towards Elizabeth.
Emerson, Jason. Mary Lincoln's insanity case: a documentary history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012. Print.
This source provided inside looks at Mary’s case, giving descriptive accounts of each part of the trial. It gave us useful information on the various climaxes and results of her sentence.
Emerson, Jason. The madness of Mary Lincoln. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2007. Print.
This source provides information on Mary Lincoln’s health and tells stories of her mental instability. The book also provides background information on her life, which is helpful to explain why/how she lost her sanity.
Langworthy, Douglas. "Untitled Document." McCarter Theatre. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013.< http://www.mccarter.org/education/mrs-packard/html/4.html>.
This source described what Elizabeth did to change rights for women who were committed to insane asylums. It talks about her work with helping to form The National Society for the Protection of the Insane and Prevention of Insanity as well as the thirty-four bills that were passed in Illinois legislature because of her.
Levy, Leo, and Louis Rowitz. The ecology of mental disorder. New York: Behavioral Publications, 1973. Print.
This source states the criteria of how patients were judged as insane or not. The mental disorders are described in more detail, throughout the different time periods as medicine and practice evolved.
"Mary Todd Lincoln's Confinement."Information, photographs, etc. related to the life, death, and family of Abraham Lincoln.. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln22.html>.
This source gave additional examples of unusual behavior Mary Todd Lincoln exhibited after the deaths of her son and three sons which added to the evidence of her mental instability.
"Mary Todd Lincoln Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Mary Todd Lincoln."Encyclopedia.com | Free Online Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Mary_Todd_Lincoln.aspx>.
This site provided further information on Mary Todd Lincoln's trial, its witnesses, the verdict, and events leading up to the event.
"Mary Todd Lincoln - Mini Biography - Mary Todd Lincoln Videos - Biography.com." Famous Biographies & TV Shows - Biography.com . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.biography.com/people/mary-todd-lincoln-248868/videos/mary-todd-lincoln-mini-biography-2204985230>.
This short video was an overview of Mary Todd Lincoln's life, helping to describe all the main events that occurred that had a large impact on her life.
"Mental Illness in the 19th Century - Carrie Hughes." Untitled Document. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This source contributed valuable information on common practices and treaments doctors preformed in the 19th century pre-mental health reform.
Morris, Grant H.. The Mentally Ill and the Right to Treatment. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1970. Print.
This book supplied us with information on not only patients of asylums, but their varied treatments. It also tells us of the multiple disorders that can be considered as mentally insane.
Neely, Mark E., and R. Gerald McMurtry. The insanity file: the case of Mary Todd Lincoln. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986. Print.
This source was helpful because it takes us through both trials of Mary Todd Lincoln in Chicago, providing direct quotes and photographs from the time. Its factual accounts of her life help prove whether she was rightfully convicted or not.
"Northern Michigan State Hospital." Mental Asylum Photograph. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG/250px-NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG>.
This photo was an example of what modern day mental institutions look like and how they differ from the poorly maintained hospitals of the past.
Norton, R.J.. "Mary Todd Lincoln's Confinement." Information, photographs, etc. related to the life, death, and family of Abraham Lincoln.. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2012. < http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln22.html>.
This source gives accounts for the witnesses who testified against Mary Todd Lincoln in her trial. All seventeen witnesses claimed that she was mentally instable.
"President`s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health." UNT Libraries: CyberCemetery Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. <http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/mentalhealthcommission/index.html>.
This site provided a summary of the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health which was an advancement in the fight for equality of the mentally insane or disabled.
"Psychiatrist and Patient." Photography of Psychiatrist and Patient. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <careers.stateuniversity.com/article_images/Psychiatrist.jpg>.
This picture shows a calm and safe environment between a psychiatrist and their patient, a sharp contrast from the physical abuse treatment of the past that occurred in institutions.
Sapinsley, Barbara. The Private War of Mrs. Packard. New York: Paragon House, 1991.
This novel parallels Packard’s home life, in which she questioned her husband’s authority, to her court battle, in which she justified her sanity.
"Snake Pit." The Interrobang RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013.
This photograph provided a reenactment of a typical mental patient restrained by a strait jacket, while being treated by nurses in the institution.
Turner, Justin G., Linda Levitt Turner, and Mary Todd Lincoln. Mary Todd Lincoln: her life and letters. [1st ed. New York: Knopf, 1972. Print.
This book is a great source of information because it provides personal letters written by Mary Lincoln herself. We are able to see her perspective on the events involving her mental stability and trial through these.
."Unethical Psychology in Early America: Elizabeth Packard - Yahoo! Voices - voices.yahoo.com." Yahoo! Voices - voices.yahoo.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. <http://voices.yahoo.com/unethical-psychology-early-america-elizabeth-packard-8871753.html>
This source was useful because it stated the fact that most women in the early days of mental asylums were easily and falsely placed in mental asylums.